《英语写作》是英语专业学生学习用英语思维、用英语正确表达思想的一门重要课程。学习英语写作能帮助提高使用英语的准确性，能扩大所用语言的范围。写作训练能帮助我们提高逻辑思考及分析问题的能力，它同时对阅读、听力、口语有促进作用。学习英语写作要求认真细致，一丝不苟。

那么，怎样才能学好英语写作呢？

扎实的语言基本功是首先要具备的条件。这包括对语法（句法和词法）及基本词汇用法的掌握。如有不太清楚的地方，应通过阅读语法书和查阅词典来逐步解决。

读书是极为重要的。既要读英语书，也要读中文书; 既要读文艺作品，也要读知识性著作。通过读书来了解社会与人生，扩大知识面，丰富思想与感情，增强观察问题与分析问题的能力。在读书时应注意和研究书的内容，同时也应注意作者的写作方法，吸取有用的语言与写作技巧。

写的时候应该首先考虑内容问题，问问自己“写什么”，其次考虑如何组织材料和观点，从何处开始，到何处结束，也就是问问自己“怎样写”。

在语言的使用上应记住的一个原则是：能恰当表达思想的语言就是好的语言，也就是应该用的语言。对学习者来说，应先学会使用英语的核心部分，即最常用的语言。

写完初稿后还要再三斟酌，反复修改，一直改到自己满意为止。

“功夫不负苦心人。”只要肯下功夫，必然会有进步。

本课程主要包括下列内容：

Part I　Manuscript Form书稿格式

学习英语写作必须懂得好的书写格式，包括标题、纸边留空、每段开头空格、句子开头大写、标点符号、词的移行等等。

Part II　Diction选词；措辞

措辞，即选词用字。英语的词汇量很大，仅《牛津英语词典》收词就达四十万之多。当然，没有人能掌握也没有必要掌握这么多词。一般人使用的词汇只是其中一小部分。学习写作的学生应该学习使用最有用和最常用的词。有时，学生可能用错词，但经常出现的情况是学生使用的词并非完全错了，只是不恰当、不准确、不通顺或无趣味。因此，了解措辞的基本知识对他们很有帮助。

词有三个等级之分，正规的、口语的、普通的。普通词汇适用于各种文体。

本部分的重点和难点有：词的外延和内涵；一般词汇和具体词汇；惯用语；修辞。

Part III　The Sentence 句子

学写句子是写作的基础。句子指完整的句子，而不是破句。一个完整的句子至少包括一个主语和动词，如果动词是及物动词，那动词后必须有宾语；如动词是系动词，其后必须有表语或补语。一个完整的句子开头第一个字母要大写，结尾要用句号。

1. 句子的种类（Types of Sentences）：

A.根据句子的用途，句子可以分为：

①陈述句(Declarative)

②疑问句 (Interrogative)

③祈使句 (Imperative)

④感叹句 (Exclamatory)

B. 根据句子的结构，句子可分为：

①简单句 (A Simple Sentence)

②并列句 (A Compound Sentence)

③复合句 (A Complex Sentence)

④并列复合句 (A Compound-Complex Sentence)

从句子的结构来分析句子是本部分的重点。

① 简单句：指只有一个主谓结构的句子。

e.g. A stitch in time saves nine.  [谚] 小洞不补，大洞吃苦。

We are sitting in the classroom.

注意：一个拥有两个或两个以上的主语或谓语的句子，只要只有一个主谓结构，那这个句子仍然是简单句。

e.g. He and his brother went to town and bought a pile of books.

简单句是英语写作中最常用、最基本的句型。在写作中能用简单句表述的尽量用简单句。简单句表达意思直截了当、不易产生误解。

②并列句

并列句是指一个包含有两个或两个以上的、且彼此意思有联系的独立从句，用并列连词（and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet等）连接或由分号连接。并列句用来表达同等重要的两个或两个以上的思想。

e.g. He loves her and she loves him.

Art is long, but life is short.

He won’t do it, nor will he try.

③复合句

复合句是指含有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句、并有关连词表明主句和从句之间关系的句子。从句在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。作为一项规则，重要的意思一般总是表述在主句中，次要的意思总是在从句中。

e.g. Because I forgot the time, I missed the train.

When Tom lost his temper, he also lost his job.

Although I practiced for four months, I failed my driving test.

My father is my teacher who is always strict with me.

④并列复合句

并列复合句是指一个句子中含有至少两个并列关系的主句，且至少有一个主句含有从句，即并列句和复合句的结合。

e.g. He loves her because she is pretty, but she doesn’t love him (because he is short).

We think every young couple should set up a home of their own, and we pity the couple who must share their home with a parent, let alone with other relatives. (P46, A Handbook of Writing )

C. 从修辞学的角度来看，句子可以分为:

① 松散句(Loose)

② 掉尾句(Periodic)

③ 平行句 (Balanced)

④ 否定—肯定陈述句 (Negative-Positive Statements)

⑤ 反诘句(Rhetorical Questions)

⑥ 长短句 (Short and Long Sentences)

①松散句(Loose)

松散句是指把句子中的主要意思放在句前，把其他补充信息放在句尾；换句话说，就是把主要意思放在前面，把次要意思放在后面。

e.g. It was really a pleasure to see you during the vacation.

He knew he had little chance of getting the job, although he wanted it more than anything else in the world.

松散句总显得通顺、流畅，而且较口语化，因此它特适合于叙事类和描写类文中。

② 掉尾句(Periodic)

掉尾句是指把句子的主要意思放在句尾，把其他细节和信息放在句首。掉尾句是强调性的、结论性的。

e.g. To see you during the vacation was really a pleasure.

It is generally acknowledged that the sole criterion of truth is practice.

She often said to her parents and friends that her greatest wish was to be an artist.

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife ( --- Jane Austen).

③平行句(Balanced)

当一个句子里含有两个结构上相同、但意思上却有明显差异的平行句时，这个句子便是平行结构句。平行句因显明的对比给人留下很深印象，因较强的节奏而悦耳动听。

e.g. The gentleman values harmony, not uniformity; the small man values uniformity, not harmony. (--- Confucius)

子曰：“君子和而不同，小人同而不和。”

He likes smoking; his wife hates it.

It is not easy to be like everyone else; it is harder to be different from everyone else.

A long journey tests a horse’s strength; a long acquaintance shows a man’s heart.

注：平行句一般都是并列句。

④ 否定——肯定陈述句(Negative-Positive Statements)

当一个肯定的陈述句紧跟在一个否定的陈述句后时，句意在对比中得到强调，这个句子便是否定—肯定陈述句。

e.g. He no longer wants money; he wants fame.

The poor design of the building shows that he is not an architect --- he is only a builder.

He is not an ordinary scholar in this field; he is an authority.

⑤ 反诘句(Rhetorical Questions)

形式上看是疑问句，意思上是强调的陈述。此类问句不需要回答。

e.g. Didn’t I tell you not to come late?

What’s the use of feeling sorry about the mistake? Correct it.

Isn’t it beautiful weather?

⑥长句和短句 (Short and Long Sentences)

短句能起强调作用，然而长句能准确地表达复杂的思想。短句适合于陈述重要的事实和观点，长句适合于解释观点和理论或描述事物。

在讨论完各种各样的句子后，我们应牢记一个基本的原则，写作时句子要长短结合，交替使用，句子的结构要适合于所要表达的意思。换言之，思想决定句子结构的选择。

2.有效的句子(Effective Sentences)：

① Unity（一致）：A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought.

②Coherence（通顺）：Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.

③ Conciseness（简洁）：A sentence should contain no unnecessary words.

④ Emphasis（强调）

⑤ Variety（多样性）：在长句中夹有短句，在并列句和复合句中夹有简单句。

Part IV  The Paragraph 段落

段落是一个完整的思想单位，它由一句或若干句子组成，共同阐明一个主题思想，段落是一篇文章的一部分。

一段文章同时也像一篇微型作文一样，它应一致、通顺、并得到充分展开。一段文章只有在段落内所有的句子都围绕着一个中心思想展开时或围绕着一个主题展开时，它才算一致。如果作者想讨论另一主题时就须另起一段。当一段文章在展开的过程中过渡自然而通顺、句子间过渡符合逻辑时，这段文章才算通顺。对于段落的展开方式很多，例如，按过程顺序展开、按因果顺序展开、按比较和对比顺序展开等。

段落的长度各不相同，一段文章可以只有一句，也可以有十几句。段落的长度主要由其主题来决定。长的段落表达一个复杂的思想，短的段落主要起过渡作用，或陈述一个强调叙述或摘要。一个有经验的作家所写的文章段落有长有短、长短交替，从而避免了文章的单调。

1. Effective Paragraphs有效段落

① Unity 一致

段落的一致是指段落的内容，即一段文章内所有的句子都围绕着一个主题展开，也就是说段落内所有的句子都和这个主题句有联系。一段文章中反映主题意思的这个句子叫主题句(the topic sentence)。主题句可以出现在段落的开头、中间或段末。

重点：段落写作是英语写作的重点，段落一致是段落写作的重点。在英语写作中一段文章内只能讨论一个主题。

Example 1:

Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person’s behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.

Example 2:

The Irish countryside is very beautiful. There is a popular Irish song, which says that there are 100 different shades of green in the Irish landscape, and this is no exaggeration. Thanks to generous rainfall, much of the countryside is covered with rich green vegetation, which is why Ireland is also known as the Emerald Isle. It also has a varied landscape with dramatic mountains, rocky coastlines and rolling hills.

②Coherence 通顺

段落的通顺是指段落的格式或段落的组织。段落内所有的句子都应按照清晰的、合逻辑的顺序排列，句与句之间的过渡应通顺、自然。

③Completeness完整

段落的展开应充分，应让读者读后理解、信服。

④ Transition 过渡

段落过渡要通顺、自然，过渡词必不可少。

2. Ways of Developing Paragraphs段落展开的方法

① Planning a Paragraph构思一段文章

First, think of the topic and express it in the topic sentence. Then think of the details or examples or facts that support or explain the main idea. Lastly, arrange them in logical order.

② Development by Time按时间顺序展开

讲故事或叙述一件事情时常按时间顺序展开。

③ Development by Process按进程顺序展开

当解释某事如何做时常用。When we explain how something is done, we give a step-by-step description.

④ Development by Space按空间顺序展开, 描写某一地方时常用。

⑤ Development by Example or Generalization

按照举例、归纳原则展开

⑥ Development by Comparison and Contrast

按比较和对比的方法展开

⑦Development by Cause and Effect按因果关系展开

⑧Development by Classification  按分类的原则展开

⑨Development by Definition按解释的方法展开

⑩ Development by a Combination of Methods按综合的方法展开

Part V  完整的作文

写作课的根本目的是培养学生撰写完整作文的能力。写作课一般要求学生撰写500至1000字的短文，内容涉及个人的生活、学习、经历以及对感兴趣的问题所持的观点。本部分主要教学生学习写作描写文、记叙文、说明文和议论文四大类文章。

1.撰写作文的步骤

A.总体规划

在动笔前应做好充分的准备。写作犹如盖房，建筑工人通常在动工前手头都有蓝图并准备好了足够的材料。习作者也应事先有个规划，同时要收集足够的资料，然后在下笔。

有了写作题目后，学生应首先考虑与题目有关的各个方面，随想随记，不必在意先后次序。与此同时，还要想想文章选什么题目为好。作文的主题即其主要观点或中心思想，是列举事实后所得出的结论。主题确定后，应重新审查列好的清单，删去与主题无关或意义不大的内容，然后把剩下的按逻辑顺序重新排列，写出一个提纲。

For example:

Title: The School Library

A large number of useful books

All kinds of dictionaries and reference books

The reading room spacious and quiet

Newspapers and magazines

The librarians patient and helpful

Closed on Sundays and holidays

Very crowded in the evening

Students leave books on chairs to reserve seats

Very few newspapers from abroad

Students are not allowed to take schoolbags to into the First Reading-Room

Seniors would not be able to write their graduation papers without using the library

Teachers go to the library frequently

The thesis of the essay may be:

(1) The library is a nice place to work in.

(2) The library plays a very important part in a student’s life.

(3) The work of the library needs improvement.

If we choose the second one as the thesis, we may write an outline as follows:

Title: The School Library

The thesis: The library plays a very important part in a student’s life.

The outline:

(1) A student has to borrow books from the library.

A. He needs reference books for his elective courses.

B. He may want to read novels, stories and plays.

(2) He reads newspapers and magazines in the library.

A. Many new magazines are on display in the First Reading-Room.

B. There are newspapers from all provinces.

C. Back numbers may be borrowed at the counter.

(3) He needs the library all the more in his junior and senior years.

A. The library provides him with books for his research.

B. He would not be able to write his graduation paper without using the library.

① Types of outline

An outline like the above is called a sentence outline, for it is made up of sentences. We see that the controlling idea or thesis is subdivided into smaller parts. Roman and Arabic numerals or letters of the alphabet are generally used to number and order ideas:

Thesis (controlling idea)

I. Introduction

II. Main Idea

A. Sub-idea

B. Sub-idea

1. Supporting detail

2. Supporting detail

a. Fact 1

b. Fact 2

III. Main idea

A. Sub-idea

1. Supporting detail

2. Supporting detail

B. Sub-idea

C. Sub-idea

IV. Conclusion

There is another kind of outline called the topic outline. A topic outline consists of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents, that is, gerund phrases or infinitive phrases. A topic outline for “Neighbors Are Dearer than Distant Relatives” may be written like this:

Topic: Neighbors Are Dearer than Distant Relatives/Something I Regret to This Day

Thesis: I am sorry to see my neighbors move away and regret having lost Lili’s friendship.

Outline:

I. My neighbors getting ready to move

II. My neighbors being a family of three

A. Aunt Wang, “head” of the family

1. A good cook

2. A good dressmaker

3. A peasant woman

B. Uncle Fan

1. A typical peasant

2. …

C. Their daughter Lili

1. A friend of mine

2. A good athlete

3. …

III. My loss of Lili’s friendship

A. The cause

B. The consequence

IV. My regrets and the lesson I have learned.

Before writing a paper, we may prepare either a topic outline or a sentence outline. A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives the reader an instant overview of the entire paper. A sentence outline, on the other hand, provides a more detailed plan of the paper. It may take us less time to write a topic outline, but we may spend more time developing it into a paper; while spending more time working out a sentence outline, we sometimes find the paper almost half done after the detailed plan is written. For a short paper, a topic outline is often good enough, but for a long paper, it is perhaps better if we prepare a sentence outline.

② Rules for writing outlines

If we examine closely the two outlines above, we may see that they follow these rules:

(1) If there is a major point marked “I”, there must be at least another marked “II”; if there is an “A”, there must be a “B”, and so on.

(2) A topic outline is written in noun phrases, and a sentence outline, in sentences. Sentences and phrases are not used together in the same outline.

(3) Parallel structures are used for the headings of the same rank. Subheads of like rank are of equal importance and related to the heading and arranged in logical order.

(4) The thesis is a complete declarative sentence, usually in the affirmative. It is not a question, a phrase, or a dependent clause, but one sentence which expresses our controlling idea.

To sum up, we should avoid single subdivisions; avoid mixing sentences and phrases in an outline; make sure that subheads of the same rank (for example, A, B, and C) are of equal importance, are related to the headings I, II, and III, and are arranged in logical order; and always write the thesis in one complete sentence.

B. Writing the First Draft

C. Revising the First Draft

D. Making the Final Copy

2. Three Main Parts of a Composition

Most compositions are made up of a beginning, middle, and an end. We usually write one paragraph each for the beginning (the introduction) and the end (the conclusion), but for the middle (the body), often more paragraphs are needed.

A. The Beginning

B. The Middle

C. The End

3. Types of Writing

There are four main types of writing: narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. As narrative and expository writings are more often used in our daily life than the other two, we should first learn to write these two kinds of essay.

A. Narration

A narrative is an account of an event or a series of events. Narrative writing includes stories, biographies, histories, and news items.

B. Description

Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.

A description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one’s senses-sight, hearing taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones, which, if included, would only distract the reader’s attention from the main impression the writer wishes to give. 

① Description of a person

In describing a person, the writer should not merely give details of his appearance. He should try to reveal the person’s character, thoughts, and feelings, which may be shown in what the person does and says, or in how he behaves to others. And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people. Those features that he shares with others can be omitted. Peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of a person if any, should be included in the description, for they usually impress the reader deeply and give life to the person described.

② Description of a place

③ Description of an object

④ Description of a scene 

C. Exposition

Exposition means explaining. An expository paper explains something, such as how something is made, why something has happened, in what ways two persons or things are similar or different and so on. In a narrative paper of a historical event, we tell what happened, when and where it happened, and who took part in it. In an expository paper, we discuss its cause and effect, its nature, and its significance in history. Expository papers are perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.

Things can be explained in many ways, for instance, by process, illustration, classification and/or division, comparison and/or contrast, or an analysis of their causes and/or effects. That is to say, methods that we have learned for paragraph development are also good for expository essays. In a paragraph we can often make a point in one or two sentences, but in an essay we may need one or two paragraphs to make a point clear.

D. Argumentation

The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative.

Argumentation frequently makes use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are very closely related-argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.

Although they can take different shapes, argumentative essays have certain basic features in common. If you wish to write a good argumentative essay, you should do your best to meet the following requirements:

①A debatable point

It is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point, that is, something that can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute. Generally speaking, the following are not good themes.

(1) Mere statements of facts

“Chinese doctorsuseacupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations” is a fact that cannot be debated. But if it is changed into “acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations”, it becomes debatable.

(2) Statements of personal preference

“Ba Jin is my favorite author” expresses personal preference, which does not lead to dispute. But a statement like “Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century” is disputable and sufficient evidence should be provided.

(3) Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verified

It is universally known that “noise pollution is harmful to people’s health”, but it is not generally accepted that “noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution”. The former viewpoint can be proved, but the later is arguable.

② Sufficient evidence

Since the point of your paper is not a fact, a statement of personal taste, or a viewpoint universally accepted, you would have to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader. Sufficient evidence includes common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative; statistics; and quotations from authorities. Valid evidence is that which is clearly and directly connected with the point to be proved.

③ Good logic

It is obvious that good logic is even more important to argumentation than to any other types of writing. All the facts and reasons that are given, as evidence should be logically connected with the conclusion and with each other. Any fallacy in logic or wrong step in reasoning would leave the reader in doubt about the whole argument.

There are generally two ways of reasoning:

(1)Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning is the more common way. When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.

(2)Deductive reasoning

The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning --- it moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism --- a three-part argument in which there is two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion.

Here is an example of a syllogism:

A. All human beings make mistakes.

B. X is a human being.

C.Therefore, X makes mistakes.

From the above example we can see that the major premise must be an accepted generalization, and the minor, a factual example of that generalization. If A and B are true, C the conclusion is bound to be true.

You must be very careful about your premises, especially your major premise. Such statements as “all students love to study” and “women are more imaginative than men” are not generally accepted, and therefore cannot be used as major premises. 

④ Clear logic

A typical argumentative essay consists of three parts: an introduction that identifies the issue to be discussed and explains the importance of such a discussion; a body that presents the evidence; and a conclusion in which the proposition, if it is stated at the beginning, is reaffirmed.

In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views. Then in each paragraph that follows, you add something new and important to your argument. The evidence you provide should be arranged:

A. from the least to the most important,

B. from the most familiar to the least familiar,

C. from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult.

⑤ Good use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition.

⑥ An honest and friendly attitude

To argue is not to quarrel. The force of an argument does not come from abuse, sarcasm, exaggeration, or fierce attacks, but from solid evidence, logical reasoning, and careful analysis. A domineering or hostile tone could only raise doubts about your good faith and impairs the credibility of your argument, whereas an honest and friendly attitude will help win the trust of your readers.

Take care that you neither overstate or understate, and avoid overuse of such words and phrases as “perhaps”, “maybe”, “sometimes”, “most often”, “nearly always”, “I think”, or “in my opinion”, which invariably weaken the force of your argument.

Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

Not long ago, a poll was conducted among students in a middle school. They were asked to make a choice between these two sentences --- “No one can be happy”, and “One can be happy.” Shockingly enough, about 20 percent of the students agreed to the first statement. When I asked some of my friends for their opinions, most of them thought the former statement were true. When asked for explanations, they said, “Frankly speaking, life is bitter and meaningless. But to live on, we’d better say to ourselves that there is happiness in life.”

I have been thinking of this question ever since. The more I think, the more I am convinced that if we have a right attitude towards life, our lives can surely be happy and meaningful.

It is true that all people have some bitter experiences. But it is through overcoming hardships that our happiness emerges. Many people admire Madam Curie, and say with a sigh, “If I could live like her, I would be the happiest person in the world.” But if we take a close look at her life, we will find her happiness is closely connected with her misfortunes. First of all, she did not have a happy childhood. When she was in France, she studies twice as hard as others but lived a poor and simple life. In her research work, she had to sit up late night after night. She experienced many losses, too, she lost her beloved father, her dear husband, and later her eyesight. But she never complained and never stopped working for the benefit of mankind. That is why her life was happy and meaningful. She fought against life’s bitterness and difficulties and conquered them all.

Some people complain that their work is insignificant and thus their lives are meaningless. But what kind of work is significant? Workers, peasants, teachers, and scientists, they are all working for the welfare of mankind, they included. That is where the meaning of life lies. But some people seem to think little of such a life. Once a friend of mine told me he felt very wretched for having to work as a teacher. “Our lives can be compared to candles. While giving light to others, we ourselves are burning out. Our students may become famous one day, but what will become of us? We shall only remain what we are fameless and wealthless.” Paradoxically, I would rather think he was giving a vivid description of the nobleness of a teacher. If I can live the life of a teacher, to contribute the only thing I own my knowledge to the upbringing of young people, I will be very happy, because I am useful to others.

Different people may think of life differently. But of one thing I am certain: happiness never favors those who merely care about themselves, and the meaning of life cannot be understood by those who refuse to sacrifice anything for others.

Part VI  Practical Writing 应用文写作

1. Notice布告

2. Greetings, Good Wishes, Congratulations and Condolences  打招呼、祝愿、贺词、吊唁

3. Notes便条

4. Letters书信

5. Curriculum Vitae 履历表

本部分重点是书信和履历表。

Part VII  Punctuation

1. The Comma  逗号（本部分重点和难点）

2. The Period 句号

3. The Semicolon  分号

4. The Colon 冒号

5. The Question Mark 问号

6. The Exclamation Mark  感叹号

7. Quotation Marks  引号

8. Parentheses  圆括号 ( )

9. Brackets方括号[ ]

10. The Slash斜杆/

11. Italics and Underlining  斜体和下划线